CBPM Conference 2026 · Vol. 2026, Issue 1

Evaluating Compliance Levels of Informal Housing Construction Practices with Building and Environmental Regulations in South Africa

Kabemba Steve Ngoy, Yahya Paruk, Victor Mashangana, Sizolwenkosi Mthethwa, Darmarajan Chinasamy and Abimbola Windapo

Keywords: informal settlements, construction practices, building regulations, environmental regulations, alternative building technologies

Abstract

South Africa's rapid urbanization and economic struggles have led to informal settlement growth. While informal housing provides shelter, construction practices often do not comply with building and environmental regulations, causing safety, health, and sustainability concerns. This study aims to determine compliance levels of informal settlement construction practices with these regulations. The research uses a qualitative approach, collecting data on construction practices, materials, builders' skills, and regulatory awareness through observations, interviewsin Khayelitsha, Gugulethu, Langa, and Ocean View, while the focus group included informal builders from various locations. Data is analyzed using thematic analysis to identify compliance-related patterns, challenges, and opportunities. Key findings show that residents and informal builders have limited understanding of and adherence to regulations due to socioeconomic constraints, lack of formal training, and the informal nature of settlements. Non-compliant practices create environmental, health, and safety risks. The study highlights the need for contextsensitive policies addressing non-compliance causes such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, and low institutional capacity. Recommendations include improving builders' access to quality materials and training, supporting community-driven initiatives, and implementing flexible approaches to informal settlement upgrading. The findings contribute to knowledge on enhancing living conditions and promoting sustainable urban development in South Africa's informal settlements.