CBPM Conference 2026 · Vol. 2026, Issue 1

Understanding Energy Consumption and Management in University Buildings: A Sustainability and Socio-Technical Perspective

Chikezirim Okorafor

Keywords: energy consumption, energy efficiency, energy management, facility management, socio-technical theory, sustainability theory

Abstract

The built environment accounts for roughly one-third of global energy use, a pattern that carries far-reaching consequences for the natural world, most notably through its contribution to climate change and the progressive depletion of finite resources. This paper aims to raise awareness and deepen understanding of how energy is consumed and should be managed in university buildings, drawing on two complementary theoretical lenses: sustainability theory and socio-technical theory. Methodologically, the paper is grounded in a conceptual narrative review that prioritises constructing reasoned arguments, synthesising scholarly work, and tracing new conceptual linkages, all aimed at generating theoretical insights rather than reporting primary field data. It is openly acknowledged that the absence of original empirical evidence introduces the possibility of interpretive subjectivity. Arguably, the investigation uncovers seven steps ideal for managing energy consumption in university buildings, which include establishing the theoretical foundation underpinning the concepts, recognising energy management as a socio-technical system, mapping stakeholder interactions and motivations, and diagnosing patterns of energy use and identifying hotspots. Additionally, the steps include integrating behavioural change programmes with technological solutions, institutionalising continuous improvement and learning, and fostering a culture of sustainability. The findings attempt to close the gap between academic theorising and day-to-day institutional practice, offering actionable guidance to researchers, facility managers, and university administrators. It is argued that consistent application of this step holds real potential for achieving sustained improvements in energy performance. Nevertheless, the conceptual insights (seven steps) presented in this paper should be tested empirically; future studies are encouraged to collect primary data on the practical effectiveness of sustainabilityoriented and socio-technical approaches in real-world university contexts.