CBPM Conference 2026 · Vol. 2026, Issue 1

Key Determinants of Time-Related Preliminary and General (P&G) Costs in Construction Projects

Makgopa F Tshehla

Keywords: Time-related costs, Preliminary and General (P&G) costs, Construction project management, Cost determinants, Systematic literature review

Abstract

Time-related Preliminary and General (P&G) costs represent a significant portion of construction project expenditures. This study aims to identify the key determinants influencing time-related P&G costs in construction projects to support better cost control and project management. This study adopts a qualitative research design using content analysis as the primary methodological approach. The study was conducted across major academic databases using predefined keywords and inclusion criteria. Peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers addressing construction cost management, site overheads, and project duration were analysed. The literature was categorised to identify recurring determinants and their impact on time-related P&G costs. Project duration is identified as the primary driver of time-related P&G costs. Other significant determinants include project size and complexity, procurement and contract conditions, planning and scheduling efficiency, and contractor management capability. External factors, such as adverse weather, regulatory compliance, and industrial action, further extend project timelines. Client-related factors, particularly scope changes, also exacerbate cost escalation. Overall, the study concludes that time-related P&G costs are predominantly shaped by interconnected managerial and organisational factors rather than discrete technical issues. Effective coordination, competent contractor capability, and robust site management practices emerge as critical levers for minimising delays and controlling cost escalation. The findings imply that project stakeholders should prioritise integrated planning, strengthen contractor selection criteria, and adopt collaborative coordination mechanisms to improve time and cost performance. These insights provide a foundation for more proactive and system-oriented approaches to managing time-related construction costs in complex project environments.